Effect of Traditional Japanese Massage, Anma Therapy on Body and Mind: A Preliminary Study / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Traditional Japanese massage, <i>Anma</i> therapy has a long history and popularity in Japan. It is known to maintain well-being, promote health, treat illness and prevent disease empirically, however, it is difficult to find published studies. It is necessary to explore the mechanisms of traditional Japanese massage, <i>Anma</i> therapy scientifically, thus, this preliminary study was examined. In this study, three clients assigned to the <i>Anma</i> therapy group participated in five <i>Anma</i> therapy sessions (two per week for two and a half consecutive weeks) of 40 minutes duration. Three healthy volunteer students assigned to a non-intervention group participated in one session involving rest on a bed. Immediate changes between pre- and post-therapy, and longer-term changes between first and last session were observed. In the results, for the <i>Anma</i> therapy group immediate changes were lower subjective symptom and state anxiety scores, with general longer-term effects. Another immediate change in the <i>Anma</i> therapy group was an increase in secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva, but salivary cortisol concentrations did not change. These results suggest that <i>Anma</i> therapy may be physically and psychologically effective in ameliorating subjective symptoms and anxiety, and enhancing immune function, though sample sizes used were too small to analyze statistically. In addition, the result from salivary cortisol concentration implies that effect of <i>Anma</i> therapy is different from that of Western style massage.

How should the Education of Basic Sciences Be Achieved in Accordance with the Model Core Curriculum? / 医学教育

Since the model core curriculum was shown in public, the discussion about the medical education is getting hot in every medical school. In the model core curriculum, the integrated course is designed with the basic sciences and the clinical medicine via pathophysiology, which will be educated by the PBL tutorial. Thus, the model core curriculum is suitable for growing up better clinician. The problem involved in the context is the lower recognition to the basic sciences and also the missing of the next generation in the teaching staff of the basic sciences. The introduction of the information technology to the medical education should be much progressive. The new integrated course with the structure and function should be designed with the information technology, which will fit to the new medical education in the 21st century.

Report of the First Workshop on Medical Ethics Education / 医学教育

The first workshop on medical ethics education was held for 28 members including mainly university tutors and hospital tutors in November 2002 at Gifu. Trail for training of several kinds of medical ethics education technique was evaluated to a certain extent. We submit report of the practice and participants' evaluation of the workshop.

The Medical Ethics Education Manual in the Undergraduate Medical Education / 医学教育

We proposed the curriculum plan of medical ethics in the medical school in our country. That was the curriculum throughout a few years and the participating education. Now we present the manual for one case of the each six strategies. When the teacher holds classes according to this manual or with some modifications, the medical students will probably participate the education with high motivation to learn.

Model Core Curriculum and Student Evaluation System for Entering to a Clinical Clerkship. Trial of Clinical Training in Tsukuba University School of Medicine and Problems of Core Curriculum of Clinical Training / 医学教育

Characteristics of clinical training of Tsukuba University School of Medicine are pre-BSL, essential and elective training, out of university clinical training, new medical science course, electives, and overseas clinical training. The main problems of this clinical training are some students have insufficient motivation or basic knowlegde for learning, and some tutors have insufficient passion or skill for teaching. These problems might be common with the problems of core curriculum of clinical training.

Role Play in Large Classes for Terminal-Care Education / 医学教育

The effectiveness of role play in large classes for terminal-care education was through written comments of students. We analyzed written comments after the role-play scenario “Anger Toward the Nursing Attendant” in which an irritated and anxious patient who cannot accept the terminal stage of cancer shows anger toward a nurse. Eighty-three percent of students noted the importance of mental care for terminally ill patients; 80% noted the difficulty of giving such care; 70% noted the importance of acceptance, empathy, and support of terminally ill patients; and 22% of students referred to the method of mental care.

The Medical Ethics Education Curriculum Propose in the Undergraduate Medical Education / 医学教育

There is no objection that the medical ethics enters basic matters of the undergraduate medical education. The curriculum plan of medical ethics in the medical school in our country is proposed. This curriculum aims at the participating education that the student personally chooses and discovers the result to be studied instead of the passive lecture like the boring preaching from the platform. This is the curriculum throughout a few years, because it is necessary to repeatedly study adjusting to the learning achievement.

The Present Condition and a Future Survey of Japanese Medical Graduate Schools (Master's Course) 1999 / 医学教育

To analyse the present condition and to survey Japanese medical graduate schools (Master's course), questionnaires were sent to all six universities in 1999. All the universities have the aim of, education of medical basic researchers, in common. This aim has high social needs. Four of the six universities also have the aim of, education of high grade specialists in the medical field. The number of applicants has increased for some national and public universities. For other universities, more public relations are necessary to increase the number of applicants. The social situation has altered, and finding employment has became difficult after completion of the course. It is therefore necessary to open new courses to match social needs. Buildings and equipment are not enough at present. As a result, a course for Master of Public Health will be established at Kyoto University.

Opinions of Students About Terminal Care / 医学教育

The cooperation of health, welfare, and medical staff are essential for terminal care. To clarify the opinions of and experiences with terminal care of students of these professional schools, a questionnaire survey was conducted of 527 students from six schools. All professional school students had little or nc experience with terminal care. Opinions about the importance of terminal care education differed significantly between students of welfare professional schools and students of other medical professional schools. All students of welfare professional schools thought that terminal care education is essential Medical students were significantly more likely than students of other professional schools to agree that patients should be told the truth about their condition by the doctors in charge. Educational programs in which students can gain experience with terminal care are necessary.

Manual for Clinical Clerkship in the Internal Medicine / 医学教育

For more effective clinical clerkship of medical students in the internal medicine, a manual was developed, including (1) teaching students how to think and write “the problem oriented medical record”, (2) encouraging students to listen to, talk to and examine their assigned patients daily, (3) having students discuss with a tutor twice daily, (4) encouraging students to obtain clinical training at outpatient clinics also, and (5) advising students to participate in actual medical care of the patients under direct supervision of the assigned resident.

Terminal Care Education in Medical School Curriculums. A Comparison Between Japan and Other Countries / 医学教育

To investigate the present state of teaching on terminal care and death in medical school pregraduate curriculums, I conducted a survey of 80 Japanese medical schools using a questionnaire in May and June, 1993. Ninety-one percent of the schools responted. Of the 73 responding schools, 24 stated that they have no formal educational program for medical students concerning the death and terminal care. Forty-nine schools (67%) said that they have terminal care and death education courses in their curriculum at present. This rate is the same as that about 20 years ago in the United States. In Japan, most schools have only lectures on the subject matter, of variable total duration, ranging from 1 to 32 hours (mean 6.4 hours). Only 5 schools have practical training with a chance for medical students to meet terminal patients. Practical training is conducted in hospice or hospice wards in 3 schools, in a pain clinic in 1 school, and in a standard inpatient ward in 1 school. Seven schools have training courses without participation by terminal patients, using role-playing (4 schools), and expression of student's opinions (3) instead. In England, the United States, and Australia, practical training with frequent one-on-one meetings between medical students and terminal patients (as patient-tutors) was reported.

Trial of a New Diagnostic Practical Training Course / 医学教育

A new diagnostic practical training course was instituted for 4th year students during the first and second terms at Shinshu University School of Medicine. This course includes the following new features: teachers from all clinical departments participated, the general instructional objectives and specific behavioral objectives of each unit of the course were determined, specialists from several departments or sections took charge of one unit of the course, attitude education was given great importance, standardized patients played by teachers are used in interview and POS training and final evaluation units. Evaluation was by students, teachers, and the education planning committee, and teacher training was performed before the start of this course.

Terminal care education in small group for nursing students / 医学教育

For the pupose of terminal care education, I am conducting a trial experiment on free discussion in a small group, about six members, of students of a nursing school. After self-introduction, debate is held on two themes, “terminal care of my beloved companion” and “terminal care of mself.” As judged from the results of a questionnaire and the record of debate, the students' attitude toward the question “Am I going to die soon?” asked by a terminally ill patient, changes during the discussion from encouraging, denying, or avoiding to listening to the patient. This style of exercise may be able to be used for terminal care education for medical students, medical and paramedical staff and death educaton for the general public.